Five Generations – Appendix I
Contents
- Chapter I — Frischman or Frischmann?
- Chapter II — The First Generation — Johann and Zofia Frischman
- Chapter III — The Second Generation — The Children of Johann and Zofia
- Chapter IV — The Third Generation — The Children of Franz Frischman and Marcjanna Fuchs
- Chapter V — The Fourth Generation — The Children of August and Wanda Salomea
- Chapter VI — The Fifth Generation — The Children of Franciszek and Wanda, née Grochowicz
- Conclusion
- Appendix I — The Pharmacy Profession in the Nineteenth Century
- Appendix II — The Criminal Case of Antoni Frischmann
- Appendix III — Stanisław Adolf’s Letters from America
- Appendix IV — Karolina Baraniecka’s Letters and the Family’s Financial Affairs
- Appendix V — The Elisabeth Commemorative Cross
- Appendix VI — Karolina Baraniecka’s Children
- Appendix VII — Building the House in Dynów
- Appendix VIII — The Adoption of Franciszek Frischman-Baraniecki
- Appendix IX — Staszek Baraniecki’s Letters from Auschwitz
- Appendix X — The Family of Filip Frischman-Baraniecki
- Appendix XI — An Account of the Ukrainian Attack on Dynów, Including Our Pharmacy
- Appendix XII — Franciszek Frischman’s Professional Placements
- Appendix XIII — Kazimierz Baraniecki’s Professional Placements
- Appendix XIV — Grant of Nobility and a Coat of Arms to Georg Frischman — 3 May 1727
The Pharmacy Profession in the Nineteenth Century
In the nineteenth century, the path to becoming a pharmacist was different from what it is today, in the twenty-first century.
It is worth explaining it here, because without this background, the later history of the pharmacy in Dynów is difficult to understand.
Pharmacy was a profession requiring specialist training. Simply inheriting a pharmacy or having enough money to buy one was not sufficient.
An aspiring pharmacist gained practical experience in a pharmacy, then continued his education and undertook studies leading to a master’s degree in pharmacy.
The pharmacy profession in the Austro-Hungarian Empire was fairly strictly regulated. From 1804 onwards, anyone wishing to become a pharmacist was required to complete a one-year course at the Faculty of Medicine of the University of Vienna and pass an examination.
The examination was conducted by the Pharmacy Council established by Emperor Francis II in 1796, rather than by representatives of the University, although the Faculty of Medicine was authorised to assess pharmacists’ professional knowledge.
The examination was followed by at least two years of practical work in a pharmacy. Something akin to a journeyman’s training.
As an aside, I should add that from 1853 onwards, the course of study lasted two years and led to the degree of Master of Pharmacy.
Despite these regulations, pharmacy students were not regarded as fully fledged university students, because they were not required to have passed their secondary-school leaving examinations.
This exemption from the requirement for a secondary-school leaving certificate continued until 1920.
In the mid-nineteenth century, university studies in pharmacy were required only when purchasing a pharmacy or working as a “prowizor”, a qualified pharmacy manager — as was the case with August.
Obtaining the degree was expensive, and many assistants could not afford it.
Those who did not complete their studies remained assistants.
The cost of buying a pharmacy was so high that only a few could afford one.
As a result, two groups of pharmacy assistants emerged: those who had the qualifications but could not afford to buy their own pharmacy, and those who, without meeting the academic requirements, remained assistants for life.
That is enough by way of explaining the situation of pharmacists in mid-nineteenth-century Galicia.